Object-oriented rule-based text transliteration system

ABSTRACT

A computer system transliterates a text string from a first language to a second language using transliterator objects, each having a set of transliteration rules arranged in a preferred order. Each of the transliteration rules, in turn, has a test string and a replacement string and the transliterator object includes a method for comparing the test string in each of the transliteration rules to each of the characters in the text string to determine a subset of transliteration rules which exhibit a match. Using the preferred order, one of the subset of transliteration rules is selected and the replacement string of the selected transliteration rule is substituted for the test string in the text string.

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 08/053,928, filed Apr. 26, 1993, now abandoned.

COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION

Portions of this patent application contain materials that are subject to copyright protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyright rights whatsoever.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENT APPLICATIONS

This patent application is related to the patent application entitled Text Input Transliteration System, by Mark Davis and Judy Lin, filed concurrently with this application, and assigned to Taligent, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention generally relates to improvements in computer systems and more particularly to intelligently transliterating text in a computer system.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

U.S. Pat. No. 5,148,541 discloses a multilingual database system including sorting data using a master universal sort order for all languages. The database system can be searched and retrieved by a user whether or not that data is in the user's own language. The data to be stored in the database is first encoded according to a master (or universal) sort order.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,734,036 discloses a method and device for learning a language. The patent discusses a teaching aid for reinforcing a student's ability to learn an unfamiliar language including an upper sheet (12) marked with symbolic indicia to be taught to the student and one or more base sheets (11), each marked with a different translated version of the indicia on the upper sheet. The indicia on each base sheet are marked in registry with the corresponding indicia on the upper sheet. One edge of the base sheet is joined, temporarily or permanently, to a corresponding edge of the upper sheet to allow the upper sheet to be lifted up from the base sheet to briefly expose a corresponding translation, transliteration, interpretation, or paraphrase marked on the base sheet then lowered again so that reading of the upper sheet can be instantly resumed.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,547,765 discloses a method and circuit arrangement for transliteration of code words of a code having m-place code words into corresponding code words of a different code likewise having m-place code words, individual bits of the code word to be translitereated are forwarded during serial input into a m-place shift register or during the serial output therefrom. These bits are forwarded non-negated or negated from register stage to register stage over a respective forwarding circuit depending upon the measure or criterion of coincidence or non-coincidence between the code word to be transliterated and the code words of the different code. This occurs in such manner that the traversing bits experience a respective negation in front of and after a register stage whose position within the shift register corresponds to the position of non-coinciding bits within the two code words.

Systems such as the Apple® Macintosh® or Microsoft® Windows (TM) have dead keys which are employed to extend the range of the keyboard for accented characters. With this mechanism, a user can type a key (e.g. option-u for umlaut) which puts the keyboard into a special state, but does not generate a character or any other visible indication of what has occurred. When the user then types a base character--one that combines with the accent--then the keyboard generates the resulting accented character, for example, typing option-u, e produces e). However, this approach requires a user to be cognizant of particular special keys associated with a particular task.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, it is a primary objective of the present invention to provide a set of flexibly defined rules stored in data structures in a computer system to automatically apply user specified transliterations to selected text.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a personal computer system in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 2 is a flowchart of the logic used to transliterate text between offsets start and finish in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 3 is a flowchart of the logic used to identify a type-in starting point in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of the logic used to provide type-in transliteration in accordance with a preferred embodiment;

FIG. 5 is an illustration of a display in accordance with a preferred embodiment; and

FIG. 6 is an illustrations of a transliteration operation as it would appear on a user's display in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention is preferably practiced in the context of an operating system resident on a personal computer such as the IBM® PS/2® or Apple® Macintosh® computer. A representative hardware environment is depicted in FIG. 1, which illustrates a typical hardware configuration of a workstation in accordance with the subject invention having a central processing unit 10, such as a conventional microprocessor, and a number of other units interconnected via a system bus 12. The workstation shown in FIG. 1 includes a Random Access Memory (RAM) 14, Read Only Memory (ROM) 16, an I/O adapter 18 for connecting peripheral devices such as disk units 20 to the bus, a user interface adapter 22 for connecting a keyboard 24, a mouse 26, a speaker 28, a microphone 32, and/or other user interface devices such as a touch screen device (not shown) to the bus, a communication adapter 34 for connecting the workstation to a data processing network and a display adapter 36 for connecting the bus to a display device 38. The workstation has resident thereon an operating system such as the Apple System/7® operating system.

Keyboard Transliterators

On the Apple Macintosh computer, dead keys are used to extend the range of the keyboard for accented characters. With this mechanism, a user can type a key (e.g. option-u for umlaut) which puts the keyboard into a special state, but does not generate a character or any other visible indication of what has occurred. When the user then types a base character--one that combines with the accent--then the keyboard generates the resulting accented character (e.g. option-u, e produces e).

    ______________________________________                                         Dead-Key Example                                                               Key           Deadkey state  Display                                           ______________________________________                                         b             <none>         b                                                 option-u      <umlaut>       b                                                 a             <none>         ba                                                d             <none>         bad                                               ______________________________________                                    

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, the modal mechanism is replaced by the use of transliterators. When an application inserts characters from a keyboard into some text, then it will call the list of transliterators associated with that keyboard, and the input method for the keyboard. An accent transliterator can provide the same functionality as dead keys. When an accent is typed, it will be combined with the previous "base" character if possible. For example:

    ______________________________________                                         Key           Pre-transliterate                                                                             Display                                           ______________________________________                                         b             b              b                                                 a             ba             ba                                                option-u      ba             ba                                                d             bad            bad                                               ______________________________________                                    

Transliterators also perform many other functions. For example, they can replace generic quotes (",`) by righthand and lefthand quotes (",`,`,"). They can also be used to perform general script transcriptions for any cases where the transcription is simple and unambiguous, as when converting from romaji to katakana or hiragana for japanese, converting jamo (letter components) to hangul (letter syllables) for Korean, or converting Querty to Hebrew, etc. By convention, an apostrophe can be used to prevent characters from being transliterated together. For example, to form "ba"d", one would type "ba'"d".

Input Transliteration

Transliteration can also be used to phonetically convert between different languages. This feature is especially important for languages such as Japanese that use a Roman keyboard to key in text, which is then transcribed into native Japanese characters. These characters can also be converted back into Roman characters. A particular class of transliterations called input transliterations obey two requirements set forth below.

Uniqueness

Transcription from native to foreign script is unambiguous. Two different native strings cannot correspond to the same foreign string. For example, if the native script distinguishes between a retroflex and a dental T, then a transliteration cannot map them onto the same symbol "t".

Completeness

Transcription from native to foreign script, or from foreign to native is complete. Every sequence of native symbols will map onto some string of foreign symbols. Transcription from foreign to native script should be complete, but is not generally unambiguous. For example, when a Roman-to-Japanese transcription is used, "ra" and "la" map onto the same Japanese symbol.

A Transliterator object is used to perform transliterations. Input transliterators are composed of a set of context-sensitive rules. These rules are designed to allow non-programmers to edit them reasonably for localization.

Examples of rules:

    cho=>

    t[t=>

    to=>

Using these rules, chotto can be transliterated into:

Transliteration may be dependent not only on script but also on language. It is also inherently an n×n problem: expecting to transliterate from Russian to Hindi by using a series of Cyrillic-Roman and Roman-Hindi transliterations is doomed to failure, since the transcriptions used to represent non-Roman letters will vary depending on the script being represented: in some cases th will represent the sound found in thick, while in others it is an aspirated t.

A preferred embodiment provides input transliteration from Roman to Japanese (Hiragana and Katakana), Russian, Greek, Arabic, Devanagari (Hindi), and Hebrew. There is also a "Symbols" transliterator which allows a user to enter any Unicode symbol by name i.e.., "apple-logo", and transcribe it to the actual character, .

Transliterators can be chained. For example, one may wish to have a "smart-quote" transliterator be the first in chain, followed by an input transliterator. This mechanism is managed by the TTypingConfiguration object.

Text Transformation through Transliteration

Transliteration can also be used for language-specific processing such as converting text from upper to lower case and back, creating title text. For example, "With the Important Words Capitalized"; title text requires use of a title-filter text service in order to eliminate articles. Otherwise, the titled text will appear as: "With The Important Words Capitalized."), and stripping diacritical marks. Note that these results are achieved by modifying the text objects directly. If the transformation is only desired for display, and should not effect the actual text objects, there is an alternative method employed using metamorphosis tables in the font.

Transliterator Dekstop Objects

Transliterators are desktop objects. For example, a user would add a transliterator to his typing configuration by dragging it from the desktop to a typing configuration encapsulator.

TTransliteratorModel encapsulates, accesses and manages the transliterator data.

TTransliteratorUserinterface is responsible for the icon and thumbnail presentations as well as the user interface to edit the data. A

TModelSurrogate is used as a stand-in for the model, and will typically be imbedded in the typing configuration model.

Programmatic access to all available transliterators:

TTransliterator::GetAvailableTransliterators(TC ollection&) that will return a collection of TModeISurrogate objects.

Identifying transliterators: Transliterator objects are stored as TFiles. The Pluto attribute is used to identify a transliterator.

Transliteration Internals Background

Rule-based transliteration is designed for relatively unsophisticated users and localizers to be able to create and modify. The rules are designed to be straightforward, and to apply especially to the case of transliteration as the user types. Although designed to meet the specific needs of transcribing text between different scripts, either during user type-in or converting a range of text in a document, transliteration uses a general-purpose design which is applicable to a wide range of tasks.

A transliteration rule consists of two main parts: a source and a result. The source can be accompanied by two strings which specify the context in which the conversion is to be made. Every rule must have a source field, but the other fields may be empty. For example: ##STR1##

Notice above, a c is turned into an s, but only if it is followed by an i. Variables can be used to have multiple matches for characters in the context. For example: ##STR2##

Ac is turned into an s, but only if it is followed by an e, i or y. There are also exclusive variables, which match if the text character is not present in the variable's contents. An exclusive variable, with empty contents, will match any character. In normal operation, once a string has been replaced, none of the replacement characters are subsequently checked for matches. However, an additional rechecked result field can be specified that will be rechecked for matches and possibly modified. An example is presented below. ##STR3##

In this case, the sequence kaa will be converted into In the Indic languages, this can be used to capture the interactions between consonants and vowels in a general way.

In the text, rules are written in the following format. The three matching fields are separated from the two resulting fields by an arrow, with the contexts and rechecked result distinguished by strike-through from the adjacent fields.

Example: xyzab;

Example: xyzab;

A Transliteration is designed to hold two sets of rules, so that it can provide transliteration in both directions, such as from Katakana to Latin, and back.

Definitions

The following definitions are used in describing the internal matching process used in a preferred embodiment. There are two different ways to apply Transliteration: one is to a range of text, and the other is on type-in. The definitions apply to both cases.

A rule rj is made of preceding context, source, succeeding context, result and rechecked result. The preceding context, source, succeeding context are referred to collectively as the source fields, and the result and rechecked result are referred to collectively as the result fields. In the following the length of each part is abbreviated by length(pc), length(s), etc.

A character c_(k) in the text matches a character c_(r) in the rule if and only if either

c_(r) is not a variable and c_(k) =c_(r) (this is strong, bitwise identity).

c_(r) is an inclusive variable and c_(k) e contents [c_(r),]

c_(r) is an exclusive variable and [c_(k) e c_(r) ],

A rule matches the text within a range at offset i if and only if all of the following:

the length(pc) characters before i match the preceding context,

the length(s) characters after i match the source,

the length(sc) characters, from i+length(s) on, match the succeeding context. ##STR4##

The text set forth above is used in the following examples.

Example: bcdz matches at offset 1; and

bcdz matches at offset 2.

A rule matches the text within a range at offset i up to offset j if and only if you could add (zero or more) characters after j that would cause the rule to match at i.

Example: bcdez matches at offset 2 up to offset 4.

A rule spans offset i in the text if and only if there is some j<i such that the rule matches the text at j up to i.

Example: abcdefgh matches at offset 2, and spans offsets 1 through 5.

Example:

defxi spans offsets 4 and 5.

(The text characters clef match the initial part of the rule, so the offsets between those characters are spanned, even though the x doesn't match.)

Basic Operation on Ranges

With a range of text, only the characters within the range are matched or replaced; the characters outside of the match are completely ignored. The Transliteration operation proceeds as follows. Iterate through the offsets in the range one by one. For each offset i, check through the list of rules in the transliteration for the matching rules at that offset. If there are no matching rules, then continue iterating. If there is more than one matching rule, then pick the best match as follows:

FIG. 2 is a flowchart setting forth the detailed logic of transliterating text between offsets start and finish in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. Processing commences at function block 200 where index i is initialized to point to the start of the text that is to be transliterated. A test is performed at decision block 210 to determine if the index i has surpassed the finish of the text. If all the text has been processed, then processing is terminated at terminal 220. If the index i is greater than or equal to finish at decision block 210, then currentrule is zeroed, the index j is equated with the first rule found using text(i) as an index, and jmax is equated with the last rule found using text(i) as an index as shown in function block 230.

At decision block 240, a test is performed to determine if the index j has exceeded jmax. If so, then a test is performed at decision block 260 to determine if currentrule is equal to zero. If so, then at function block 270, characters are replaced as indicated and indexes are reset before passing control to decision block 240. If the index j has not exceeded jmax at decision block 240, then Rule(j) is compared to the character located at index i. If they match, then another test is performed at decision block 244 to determine if Rule(j) is better than currentRule. If so, then currentRule is equated to Rule(j) at function block 250, j is incremented at function block 246, and control is passed to decision block 240. If there is not a match at decision block 242, then j is incremented at function block 240 and control is passed to decision block 240.

In the processing described above, a match x is strictly better than a match y if and only if either:

the preceding context of x is longer than the preceding context of y, and the source+succeeding context of x is at least as long as the source+succeeding context of y

the preceding context of x is at least as long as the preceding context of y, and the source+succeeding context of x is longer than the source+succeeding context of y

Of the matching rules, eliminate all those where there is another matching rule which is strictly better. Of the remainder, pick the first one. (Note that rules are inserted into a Transliteration in order, and that order may be significant).

Example: abcp is better than abq; yabr is also better than abq; however, neither abcp nor yabr is better than the other.

In order to speed up matching of rules, the collection of rules is indexed by indexed by the first character in the source of each rule. This does not affect the ordering of the rules, since any two rules that do not share the same first character of the source will never match at the same time, and thus never conflict. Rules with variables in the first position are resolved at the time that they are added to a Transliteration: that is, if the variable has n characters in its contents, then n different rules with the different first letters are added to the Transliteration. When processing forward (either ranges or type-in), the rules are looked up by this first character, then sequentially accessed.

Once a matching rule is identified, a replacement is performed. The source is replaced from the matching rule by the result fields (result+rechecked results). This may change the length of the text, since it may be different in length than the source. Resume iterating, starting at the offset i+length(result). This will mean that the rechecked results may be matched and modified. (The plain result can match against the preceding context of another rule, but will not be matched against the source, and thus cannot be subsequently modified).

Operating on Type-In

When transliteration is applied to type-in, the operation is somewhat different. The goal is to produce the same results as would have occurred had the user typed in all of the text without transliteration, then converted it with the range conversion above. In addition, text is converted as it is entered.

It is difficult to predict what characters will follow after an initial text entry, so the process of transliteration cannot be completed until the user has entered additional characters. Example: suppose that there are rules phφ and pπ. If the user has just typed in a p, it is impossible to finalize a match because an ambiguity between the two rules exists. When the user types a new character, that character may be modified, and preceding characters may also change, since a unique rule may be specified.

The other complication is that it is impossible to predict the starting point of the range, because the user may have just changed to the current transliteration, or just clicked in a new location. So, the text is only converted that could not have been converted without additional characters. Also, if the user is inserting text, all characters after the insertion point are always ignored, so the operation always behaves as if it is at the end of the text.

FIG. 3 is a flowchart setting forth the detailed logic of transliteration processing between two portions of a text delimited by textStart and textFinished in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. Processing commences at function block 300 where an index i is initialized, and imin is initialized. Then, at decision block 310, a test is performed to determine if i<imin. If not, then i+1 is returned at terminal block 320. If i is less than imin, then at function block 330, the currentrule variable is set equal to zero, j is equated to the rule found using i as an index into text for finding the first rule, and jmax is equated to the rule found using i as an index into text for finding the lastrule. Then, at decision block 340, a test is performed to determine if j is greater than jmax. If so, then i+1 is returned at terminal block 320. If not, then a test is performed at decision block 350 to determine if rule(j) matches from i up to start after counting characters. If so, then i is incremented and processing passes to decision block 310. If not, then, j is incremented and control is passed to decision block 340 for further processing.

The operation proceeds as follows. Suppose that a user types a key which causes n characters to be inserted at offset i. After inserting the characters at offset i, check through all of the rules that span i. Find the smallest offset s that corresponds to the start of the source of one of these spanning rules. (Indexing by first character of source does not help in this case, since a backward search is performed, and the current character may be any character in the source or succeeding context of one of these rules. To handle this, the transliteration stores a number maximumBackup, which is the length of the longest (source+succeeding context-1). This is the furthest point back that a spanning rule could start at. The transliteration then searches from i-maximumBackup forward to find the first rule that spans the desired index, which determines the index s.)

FIG. 4 is a flowchart setting forth the detailed logic of type-in transliteration in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. Processing commences at function block 400 where the type-in starting point is determined. Then, at decision block 410, a test is performed to determine if the index i is greater than or equal to finish. If not, then processing is completed at terminal 412. If so, then at function block 414, currentrule is equated to zero, the index j is equated to the first rule indexed by the index i, and jmax is set equal to the last rule indexed by the index i. Then, another test is performed at decision block 416 to determine if j is greater than jmax. If not, then a test is performed at decision block 414 to determine if Rule(j) spans start. If so, then processing is completed, and control is passed to terminal 412. If so, then another test is performed at decision block 430 to determine if currentrule is equal to zero. If so, then the index i is incremented and control is passed to decision block 410. If not, then at function block 440, characters are replaced in accordance with the current rule, and processing is passed to decision block 410.

Once the smallest offset is identified, all the rules that match must be identified at s up to i+n. If any of these rules also span i+n, then no conversions are performed. Otherwise, identify the best match within the transliteration ranges, and perform the substitution. Then, reset s according to the result and repeat this processing until done. ##STR5## In all the following examples, ef has been inserted at offset 4 in the above text.

Example: with the rules (cdx; dey), s=3; so convert the de to y, and do not convert the cd.

Example: with the rules (cdmx; cdy), s=2; so convert the cd to y, and do not affect the e.

Example: with the rules (abcdemx; aby; bcz; hcmw; dev), s=1; so convert back the bc to z, and the de to v.

Human Interface

An example of the user interface display used to create transliteration rules is presented in FIG. 5. This Figure shows a transliteration display in the process of being created in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. The rules are in the top box, with context variables in the center, and test samples at the bottom.

New rules can be added at the end, or inserted in the proper order. If rules do not conflict, or if any rule is inserted after a "better" rule, then it can be automatically reordered. For example, if the rule ax exists, and the user adds the rule aby, then the inserted rule is reordered before the existing rule since otherwise it would have no effect. New context variables can be added at the end, because order is unimportant. The test source is transliterated into the result whenever any change is made, so that the user can check the correctness of the actions.

FIG. 6 is an illustration of a transliteration operation as it would appear on a user's display in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention. At label 610, a sentence is typed in with transliteration disabled. Label 680 shows the sentence appearing at label 610 after it has been selected and fully transliterated. Labels 620 to 670 show what the user sees as she types in successive characters from label 610 with input transliteration enabled. At label 620, the user has entered the character "c". At label 630, the user has typed in "ch". At label 640, the user has typed "cho", and there is enough context to invoke the appropriate rule and transliterate the text input into " ". A similar operation is performed on the additional examples appearing at labels 650 to 680.

TRANSLITERATOR CLASS AND METHOD DESCRIPTION Class TTransliterator

TTransliterator is an abstract base class that transforms text based upon some well-defined rules or algorithm. It descends from TTextModifier, and can be used in conjunction with a word processing engine for inline transliteration during typing. Subclasses of TTransliterator can be used to perform intrascript transformation such as accent composition and upper or lower casing, or interscript phonetic transcription. Inter-script transliteration provides an alternative way of entering non-Roman text. For example, instead of using a Hebrew keyboard, Hebrew text can be entered with an American keyboard using Roman to Hebrew transliteration. This class is also used to aid typing by providing smart quotes and other punctuation modifiers. TTransliterator provides methods for translating text as well as reversing the effect. These methods must be overridden by the concrete subclasses. TTransliterator is designed to enable chaining multiple objects together. One or more such objects can work within the editable text classes to allow for transliteration during typing.

The replacement text will also have the correct styles. E.g., if the source text is "aeiou", and the replacements are "" for "a", "I" for "i", "O" for "o" and "U" for "u", then the replacement text will be: "IOU". If a replacement for some characters is a larger number of characters, then the last style will be extended. For example, if the source is "Why", and the replacements are "VV for W", then the replacement text is: "VVhy". The "C" source code used to implement a preferred embodiment in accordance with the description above is set forth below.

    __________________________________________________________________________     Public Methods                                                                 /*********************************************************************         **                                                                             TTextModifier overrides                                                        **********************************************************************         */                                                                             virtual Boolean WantEvent(const TEvent& event) const=0;                        /* Override to always return FALSE.*/                                          virtual Boolean ProcessEvent(const TEvent& event,                                      const TModelCommand& currentCommand)=0;                                /* Override to always return FALSE.*/                                          virtual Boolean ProcessNewText(const TBaseText& newText,                                 const unsigned long numDeletes,                                                const TInsertionPoint& insertionPoint,                                         TTextTextRange& rangeToDelete,                                                 TBaseText& textToInsert)=0;                                          /* Override to call Translate( ). */                                           virtual void ProcessNewSelection(const TInsertionPoint& insertionPoint,                    unsigned long length)=0;                                           /* Override to do nothing. Transliterators don't care about new                selection                                                                      */                                                                             /*********************************************************************         ********                                                                       These methods will directly translate(back the TBaseText argument.             Subclass: This method calls the appropriate Translate( ) method and            should not be overridden.                                                      **********************************************************************         *******/                                                                       Boolean SimpleTranslate(TBaseText& text) const;                                Boolean SimpleTranslateBack(TBaseText& text) const;                            /*********************************************************************         ********                                                                       Translate( ) takes a sourceText, and a range within that text, and either      modifies the text                                                              directly, or produces the replacement text and the range of characters to      replace. In the latter                                                         case, the replacement range is always a subset of the source range. It is      up to the caller to call                                                       the appropriate text methods to actually substitute the replacement. The       actual                                                                         transformation is defined by a concrete subclass.                              **********************************************************************         *******/                                                                       virtual Boolean Translate (const TBaseText& sourceText,                                                      const TTextRange&                                sourceRange,                                                                                                 TBaseText&                                       replacementText,                                                                                             TTexTextRange&                                   replacemenTTextRange) const = 0;                                               virtual Boolean Translate (TBaseText& sourceText,                                                            const TTextRange&                                sourceRange,                                                                                                 TTextRange&                                      replacemenTTextRange,                                                                                        unsigned long&                                   numNewChars) const = 0;                                                        /* This method is similar to the one above, the difference being that          given a                                                                        text object and a range within it, this method will directly change the        text object. */                                                                /*********************************************************************         ********                                                                       TranslateBack( ) takes the same arguments, but translates in the reverse       direction, from                                                                target characters back to source characters using a translation mechanism      defined by a                                                                   concrete subclass. Note that these methods are not suitable for use with       keyboard entry                                                                 **********************************************************************         *******/                                                                       virtual Boolean TranslateBack (const TBaseText& sourceText,                                                  const                                            TTextRange& sourceRange,                                                                                     TBaseText&                                       replacementText,                                                                                             TTextRange&                                      replacmenTTextRange) const = 0;                                                virtual Boolean TranslateBack (TBaseText& sourceText,                                                        const                                            TTextRange& sourceRange,                                                                                     TTextRange&                                      replacemenTTextRange,                                                                                        unsigned                                         long& numNewChars) const = 0;                                                  __________________________________________________________________________

Class TRuleBasedTransliterator

TRuleBasedTransliterator is derived from TTransliterator. It uses a set of context-sensitive rules to transform text, and a parallel set to reverse this action. These rules are designed such that a knowledgeable non-programmer can edit them for localization. Roman rule-based transliteration is available for Japanese (kana), Hebrew, Arabic, Greek, Russian, and Devanagari.

TRuleBasedTransliterator also has the capability of specifying a range variable. These variables can then be used in the rules to provide some simple pattern-matching functions. An example of the foregoing is presented below.

    __________________________________________________________________________     Public Methods                                                                 /********************************************************************          **                                                                             Constructor                                                                    *********************************************************************          */                                                                             TRuleBasedTransliterator(const TFile& rulesFile);                              /* Instantiate a transliterator based on the rules in a file. */               /*********************************************************************         ********                                                                       TTransliterator overrides. Translate( ) uses a set of context sensitive        rules to perform the                                                           translation. See TTransliterateRule for more details. Rules are applied        according to the                                                               principles of Partial and Multiple Replacements, as in the discussion          above                                                                          *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual Boolean Translate (const TBaseText& sourceText,                                                      const TTextRange&                                sourceRange,                                                                                                 TBaseText&                                       replacementText,                                                                                             TTexTTextRange&                                  replacemenTTextRange) const;                                                   virtual Boolean Translate (TBaseText& sourceText,                                                            const TTextRange&                                sourceRange,                                                                                                 TTextRange&                                      replacemenTTextRange,                                                                                        unsigned long&                                   numNewChars) const;                                                            /*********************************************************************         ********                                                                       TranslateBack( ) uses a set of context sensitive rules to perform the          transliteration. takes                                                         the same arguments, but translates in the reverse direction, from target       characters back to                                                             source characters. For example, with a Roman to Hebrew transliterator,         Translate will go                                                              from Roman to Hebrew; TransliterateBack will go from Hebrew to Roman           *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual Boolean TranslateBack (const TBaseText& sourceText,                                                  const                                            TTextRange& sourceRange,                                                                                     TBaseText&                                       replacementText,                                                                                             TTextRange&                                      replacemenTTextRange) const = 0;                                               virtual Boolean TranslateBack (TBaseText& sourceText,                                                        const                                            TTextRange& sourceRange,                                                                                     TTextRange&                                      replacemenTTextRange,                                                                                        unsigned                                         long& numNewChars) const = 0;                                                  /*********************************************************************         ********                                                                       Add and remove rules.                                                          *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual void AddTranslationRule (const TTransliterateRule&  rule);             virtual void AddTranslationBackRule(const TTransliterateRule& rule);           virtual void RemoveTranslationRule (const TTransliterateRule& rule);           virtual void RemoveTranslationBackRule(const TTransliterateRule&  rule);       /********************************************************************          ********                                                                       Methods for range variables. These variables an be used for a limited          degree of                                                                      "wildcarding". Any character that is not in the source or target set can       be designated to be a                                                          range variable. Effectively, that character will match against any of the      characters in the                                                              specified range. Inverse ranges can also be specified: in that case, a         character matches                                                              against any character not in the specified range.                              For example, if $ is defined as a range variable equal to "ei", then the       two rules:                                                                     c[$>S                                                                          c>K                                                                            will cause "c" in front of "i" or "e" to be converted to "S", and in           front of anything else to be                                                   converted to "K".                                                              *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual void AddVariable (TransliterateVariable variableName,                                                const TBaseText&                                 variableValue,                                                                                               Boolean inverse =                                FALSE);                                                                        virtual Boolean IsVariable (TransliterateVariable   ch) const;                 /* Checks to see if a particular unicode character represents a variable.      */                                                                             /*********************************************************************         ********                                                                       Create iterators for the rules.                                                *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual TIterator* CreateIterator ( ) const;                                   virtual TIterator* CreateTranslateBackIterator ( ) const;                      __________________________________________________________________________

Class TTransliterateRule

TTransliterateRule implements a context sensitive transliteration rule. It is used within TRuleBasedTransliterator.

    __________________________________________________________________________     Public Methods                                                                 /********************************************************************          ********                                                                       Construct a rule with four components. Note that these components cannot       exceed 256 characters in length (This is an arbitrary limitation imposed       by                                                                             the desire to save as much space in rule storage as possible).                 *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       TTransliterateRule(const TBaseText&                                                                      keyText,                                                                 const TBaseText&                                           resultText,                                                                                        const TBaseText* const preceedContext=NIL,                                     const TBaseText* const succeedContext=NIL);                /********************************************************************          ********                                                                       Use the rule described by the current object to perform translation.           This                                                                           method is called by TRuleBasedTransliterator::Translate( )                     *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual long Translate(TBaseText& sourceText, unsigned long&sourceOffset,      unsigned                                                                       long&numReplacedChars, unsigned long&numNewChars) const;                       /********************************************************************          ********                                                                       Determines if the rule defined by this object applies to a given text          object                                                                         *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual Boolean DoesRuleApply(const TBaseText&text, const unsigned long        textOffset,                                                                    const TDictionary&variableTable, Boolean&variableMatch, unsigned               long&translatableChars) const;                                                 __________________________________________________________________________

Class TKoreanTransliterator

TKoreanTransliterator implements Korean Jamo<->Hangul transliteration. It is a subclass of TTransliterator, however, the algorithm used is completely different than the rule-based transliteration implemented by TRuleBasedTransliterator. Background: Each Hangul character consists of two to three components, called Jamo's. The first and second components are mandatory; however, the third is optional. The transliterator assumes that all defined Jamo and Hangul characters can be in the source text, even though some complex Jamos cannot be entered from certain keyboards. This means that another preprocessors is needed to compose the complex Jamos from the "typeable" Jamo. The reason that this step is separated from Jamo-Hangul transliteration is that the Jamo-Jamo composition is highly dependent on the keyboard layout where the Jamo-Hangul process is not.

Class THexTransliterator

THexTransliterator is derived from TTransliterator. It transforms hex numbers between one and four digits to their unicode representations. When used inline, THexTransliterator provides a simple input method for generating Unicode characters that cannot be entered with a keyboard.

Class TSystemTransliterator

TSystemTransliterator is the user's interface to the system's transliterators. It can be used to get and set the current transliteration, and to query for the available transliterators on the system as well as perform all the public protocol of TTranslitator. It is notified when a change occurs in the system transliterator.

    __________________________________________________________________________     Public Methods                                                                 (TTransliterator overrides)                                                    /********************************************************************          **                                                                             The following constants define the transliterators currently available         in the system                                                                  *********************************************************************          */                                                                             static const TToken& kRomanTransliterator;                                     static const TToken& kJapaneseTransliterator;                                  static const TToken& kKatakanaTransliterator;                                  static const TToken& kArabicTransliterator;                                    static const TToken& kCapitalizeTransliterator;                                static const TToken& kHebrewTransliterator;                                    static const TToken& kDevanagariTransliterator;                                static const TToken& kRussianTransliterator;                                   static const TToken& kSymbolTransliterator;                                    static const TToken& kGreekTransliterator;                                     /********************************************************************          ********                                                                       Query for all available transliterators. Returns a TCollection of              TTokens,                                                                       each being the name of a transliterator.                                       *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual void AvailableTransliterators(TCollection&  transliterators)           const;                                                                         /********************************************************************          ********                                                                       Gets and sets the system transliterator by name. If SetSystemTransliterato     r( )                                                                           is called, the next call to any public method in this class will reflect       the change.                                                                    *********************************************************************          *******/                                                                       virtual void GetSystemTransliteratorName(TLocaleName& name) const;             virtual void SetSystemTransliterator(const TLocaleName&                        __________________________________________________________________________     name);                                                                    

EXAMPLES IN ACCORDANCE WITH A PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Creating a TRuleBasedTransliterator from a Text File

The TRuleBasedTransliterator object can be created from a text file. The file contains an ordered sequence of definitions, range variables, forward rules and backward rules. The following example consists of fragments of a text file specification for Devanagari (Hindi). Comments are preceded with a hash mark (#). The following are character identifier definitions. ($XXXX indicates a Unicode character.) Once an identifier definition has been processed, then any occurrence of that identifier within brackets will be replaced by the right-hand side. In these text file examples, the x) preceding context, y) source, z) succeeding context, a) result, b) rechecked result are represented as: x]y [z>a|b as discussed in more detail below. For example:

ka=$915

kha=$916

ga=$917

gha=$918

nga=$919

virama=$94D

aa=$93E

i=$93F

ii=$940

u=$941

uu=$942

rh=$943

lh=$944

e=$947

ai=$948

o=$94B

au=$94C

The following are range variables:

&:{virama}{aa}{ai}{au}{ii}{i}{uu}{u}{rrh}{rh}{lh}{e}{o}

δ:bcdfghjklmnpqrstvwxyz

The following convert from Latin letters to Devanagari letters.

kh>{kha}|{virama}

k>{ka}|{virama}

q>{ka}|{virama}

{virama}aa>{aa}

{virama}ai>{ai}

{virama}au>{au}

{virama}ii>{ii}

{virama}i>{i}

# otherwise convert independent forms when separated by ': k'ai→{ka}{virama}{wai}

{virama}'aa>{waa}

{virama}'ai>{wai}

{virama}'au>{wau}

{virama}'ii>{wii}

# convert to independent forms at start of word or syllable:

# e.g. keai→{ka}{e}{wai}; k'ai→{ka}{wai}; (ai)→({wai})

aa>{waa}

ai>{wai}

au>{wau}

ii>{wii}

i>{wi}

The following rules convert back from Devanagari letters to Latin letters. Note that a less-than sign is used for the backwards rules.

# normal consonants

{kha}[&<kh

{kha}<kha

{ka}{virama}[{ha}<k'

{ka}[&<k

{ka}<ka

{gha}[&<gh

{gha}<gha

# dependent vowels (should never occur except following consonants)

{aa}<aa

{ai}<ai

{au}<au

{ii}<ii

# independent vowels (when following consonants)

δ]{waa}<'aa

δ]{wai}<'ai

δ]{wau}<'au

δ]{wii}<'ii

    __________________________________________________________________________     Translating Text Using the System Transliterator                               void TranslateText(TBaseText& text)                                            // Instantiates a TSystemTransliterator. Will perform transliteration          // based on the object currently chosen for the system. The default            // is "Roman", which includes accent composition and smart quotes.             TSystemTransltierator transliterator;                                          TText replacementText;                                                         TTextRange replacemenTTextRange;                                               if (transliterator.Translate(text, TTextRange(0, text.Length( )),              replacementText, replacemenTTextRange))                                        {                                                                              text.DeleteText(replacemenTTextRange.RangeBegin( ),                            replacemenTTextRange.RangeLength( ));                                          text.InsertText(replacementText, text.Length( )); }}                           Creating and Using Pre-Defined Transliterator                                  void UpperCase(TBaseText& text)                                                // Instantiates the "Capitalize" transliterator. Note that                     // creating a transliterator is very expensive since it has                    // to either build or stream in the table. Therefore it's                      // best to create once only.                                                   static TRuleBasedTransliterator upperCase(TSystemTransliterator::kCapitali     ze);                                                                           TText replacementText;                                                         TTextRange replacemenTTextRange;                                               if (upperCase.Translate(text, TTextRange(0, text.Length( )),                   replacementText, replacemenTTextRange))                                        {                                                                              text.DeleteText(replacemenTTextRange.RangeBegin( ),                            replacemenTTextRange.RangeLength( ));                                          text.InsertText(replacementText, text.Length( ));                              }                                                                              // to change text into lower case, call the TranslateBack( )                   // method.                                                                     }                                                                              void ChangeSystemTransliterator(const TLocaleName& newTransliteratorName)      O                                                                              {                                                                              // Instantiates a TSystemTransliterator.                                       TSystemTransliterator transliterator;                                          transliterator.SetCurrentTransliterator(newTransliteratorName);                }                                                                              __________________________________________________________________________

While the invention has been described in terms of a preferred embodiment in a specific system environment, those skilled in the art recognize that the invention can be practiced, with modification, in other and different hardware and software environments within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. 

Having thus described our invention, what we claim as new, and desire to secure by Letters Patent is:
 1. Apparatus operated on a computer system having a memory, an input device and a display device, the apparatus displaying on the display device a text string including one or more characters in response to a character being entered from the input device at an insertion point in the text string, the apparatus comprising:(a) means for creating a plurality of transliteration rules in the memory, each of the plurality of transliteration rules having a source string comprised of a plurality of characters and a result string comprised of at least one character; (b) means responsive to each character entered on the input device for inserting the entered character into the text string at the insertion point and for moving the insertion point after the inserted character; (c) means responsive to each character entered on the input device for sequentially comparing source strings in the plurality of transliteration rules to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string; (d) means responsive to the detection of a match for redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for source string characters found in the text string; and (f) means for redisplaying the display text string on the display with the entered character inserted at the insertion point when no match is detected.
 2. Apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the comparison means compares source strings in each of the plurality of transliteration rules with a predetermined number of text string characters preceding the insertion point.
 3. Apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the source text string in at least one of the transliteration rules comprises preceding context characters and source text characters and wherein the comparing means comprises means for comparing both the preceding context characters and the source text characters to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string.
 4. Apparatus as recited in claim 3 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means responsive to the detection of a match for redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for the text string characters which match the one transliteration rule source text characters.
 5. Apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the source text string in at least one of the transliteration rules comprises source text characters and succeeding context characters and wherein the comparing means comprises means for comparing both the source text characters and the succeeding context characters to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string.
 6. Apparatus as recited in claim 5 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means responsive to the detection of a match for redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for the text string characters which match the one transliteration rule source text characters.
 7. Apparatus as recited in claim 1 wherein the comparing means comprises means responsive to each entered character for comparing source strings in each of the plurality of transliteration rules to text string characters in order to detect multiple matches.
 8. Apparatus as recited in claim 7 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means for redisplaying the text string on the display with the result string characters in each transliteration rule for which a match is detected substituted for source string characters preceding the insertion point.
 9. Apparatus as recited in claim 7 wherein the comparing means further comprises means responsive to source strings in each of a set of transliteration rules matching the same text string characters for selecting one of the set of transliteration rules.
 10. Apparatus as recited in claim 9 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means for redisplaying the text string on the display with the characters in the result string of the selected one transliteration rule substituted for text string characters preceding the insertion point.
 11. A method operable on a computer system having a memory, an input device and a display device, the method displaying on the display device a text string including one or more characters in response to a character being entered from the input device at an insertion point in the text string, the method comprising the steps of:(a) creating a plurality of transliteration rules in the memory, each of the plurality of transliteration rules having a source string comprised of a plurality of characters and a result string comprised of at least one character; (b) receiving a character entered on the input device; (c) inserting the entered character into the text string at the insertion point and moving the insertion point after the inserted character; (d) sequentially comparing source strings in the plurality of transliteration rules to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string; (e) redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for source string characters found in the text string; when a match is detected in step (d); and (f) redisplaying the display text string on the display with the entered character inserted at the insertion point when no match is detected in step (d).
 12. A method as recited in claim 11 wherein step (d) comprises the step of:(d3) comparing source strings in each of the plurality of transliteration rules with a predetermined number of text string characters preceding the insertion point.
 13. A method as recited in claim 11 wherein the source text string in at least one of the transliteration rules comprises preceding context characters and source text characters and wherein step (d) comprises the step of:(d4) comparing both the preceding context characters and the source text characters to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string.
 14. A method as recited in claim 13 wherein step (e) comprises the step of:(e3) redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for the text string characters which match the one transliteration rule source text characters when a match is detected in step (d).
 15. A method as recited in claim 11 wherein the source text string in at least one of the transliteration rules comprises source text characters and succeeding context characters and wherein step (d) further comprises the step of:(d5) comparing both the source text characters and the succeeding context characters to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string.
 16. A method as recited in claim 15 wherein step (e) comprises the steps of:(e4) redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for the text string characters which match the one transliteration rule source text characters.
 17. A method as recited in claim 11 wherein step (d) comprises the step of: comparing source strings in each of the plurality of transliteration rules to text string characters in order to detect multiple matches.
 18. A method as recited in claim 17 wherein step (e) comprises the step of:(e1) redisplaying the text string on the display with the result string characters in each transliteration rule for which a match is detected substituted for source string characters preceding the insertion point.
 19. Apparatus as recited in claim 17 wherein step (d) further comprises the step of:(d2) selecting one of the set of transliteration rules when source strings in each of a set of transliteration rules matches the same text string characters.
 20. A method as recited in claim 18 wherein step (e) comprises the step of:(e2) redisplaying the text string on the display with the characters in the result string of the one transliteration rule selected in step (d2) substituted for text string characters preceding the insertion point.
 21. Type-in transliteration apparatus operable on a computer system having a memory, an input device and a display device, the apparatus displaying in real time on the display device a text string including one or more first language characters in response to each second language character entered from the input device at an insertion point in the text string, the apparatus comprising:(a) means for creating a plurality of transliteration rules in the memory, each of the plurality of transliteration rules having a source string comprised of a plurality of first language characters and a result string comprised of at least one second language character; (b) means responsive to each second language character entered on the input device for inserting the entered second language character into the text string at the insertion point; (c) means responsive to each second language character entered on the input device for sequentially comparing source strings in the plurality of transliteration rules to text string characters preceding the insertion point and including the entered second language character to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string; (d) means responsive to the detection of a match for redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for source string characters found in the text string; and (f) means for redisplaying the display text string on the display with the entered second language character inserted at the insertion point when no match is detected.
 22. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 21 wherein the comparison means compares source strings in each of the plurality of transliteration rules with a predetermined number of text string characters preceding the insertion point.
 23. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 21 wherein the source text string in at least one of the transliteration rules comprises preceding context characters and source text characters and wherein the comparing means comprises means for comparing both the preceding context characters and the source text characters to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string.
 24. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 23 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means responsive to the detection of a match for redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for the text string characters which match the one transliteration rule source text characters.
 25. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 21 wherein the source text string in at least one of the transliteration rules comprises source text characters and succeeding context characters and wherein the comparing means comprises means for comparing both the source text characters and the succeeding context characters to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string.
 26. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 25 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means responsive to the detection of a match for redisplaying the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for the text string characters which match the one transliteration rule source text characters.
 27. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 21 wherein the comparing means comprises means responsive to each entered second language character for comparing source strings in each of the plurality of transliteration rules to text string characters preceding the insertion point in order to detect multiple matches.
 28. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 27 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means for redisplaying the text string on the display with the result string characters in each transliteration rule for which a match is detected substituted for source string characters preceding the insertion point.
 29. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 27 wherein the comparing means further comprises means responsive to source strings in each of a set of transliteration rules matching the same text string characters for selecting one of the set of transliteration rules.
 30. Type-in transliteration apparatus as recited in claim 29 wherein the redisplaying means comprises means for redisplaying the text string on the display with the characters in the result string of the selected one transliteration rule substituted for text string characters preceding the insertion point.
 31. A computer program product operable on a computer system having a memory, an input device, a display device, and a mechanism for displaying on the display device a text string including one or more characters in response to a character being entered from the input device at an insertion point in the text string, the product comprising a computer usable medium having computer readable program code thereon including:(a) means for creating a plurality of transliteration rules in the memory, each of the plurality of transliteration rules having a source string comprised of a plurality of characters and a result string comprised of at least one character; (b) means responsive to each character entered on the input device for sequentially comparing source strings in the plurality of transliteration rules to text string characters preceding the insertion point to detect a match of one transliteration rule source string; (c) means responsive to the detection of a match for controlling the displaying mechanism to display the text string on the display with result string characters in the one transliteration rule substituted for source string characters found in the text string; and (f) means for controlling the displaying mechanism to display the text string on the display with the entered character inserted at the insertion point when no match is detected. 